A Comprehensive Review of Metal-Based Fungicides and Effects on Agriculture
Rameen Khan1, Marcelo Fossa da Paz2*, Muhammad Aizaz3
1 Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2 Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Brazil.
2Department of Horticultural, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
Abstract
Plants are the main source of energy and organic matter through which soil ecosystem and microbial activity is maintained. They also play an important role in stabilizing the soil aggregates. But now plants are being affected by the microorganisms like fungi, present in the soil. Human health, yield of crops and growth of plants are affected by fungal and bacterial diseases. So, to restrict the disease of plants due to fungi, nanoparticles have been used. Nano fungicides based on green chemistry that are ecofriendly and less expensive have been discussed. Environment friendly fungicides cytokinin’s, phytohormones and Auxins that could remove fungicides and increase growth of plants. Mechanisms under which fungicides remove have been introduced like destruction of cell membrane and cell wall and biofilm restriction. Synthesis of nanoparticles by chemical and green method and moreover, characterization through different analytical techniques like electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction method and Scanning Electron Microscopy also discussed. The main aim of reviewing is to use metal-based nanoparticles to control the disease of bacteria and fungi, their way of working and possible danger to ecosystem and human being as well. Future outcomes also discussed that reduces harmful fungicides and increase the efficiency of vegetation.
Keywords: Nano Fungicides, plant growth, crop improvement, eco-friendly.
Submitted: 03-05-2025; Accepted: 21-11-2025; Published: 15-12-2025
Full length article *Corresponding Author, e-mail: marcelopaz@ufgd.edu.br, R. Khan email: rameenkhank24@gmail.com